Essay on Love and Gender in Twelfth Night -- Twelfth Night essays

Love and Gender in Twelfth Night Shakespeares Twelfth Night examines patterns of love and courtship through a twisty of gender roles. In Act 3, scene 1, Olivia displays the confusion created for both characters and audience as she takes on the traditionally male role of wooer in an onset to win the disguised Viola, or Cesario. Olivia praises Cesarios beauty and then addresses him with the belief that his scorn (3.1.134) only reveals his hidden love. However, Olivias mistaken interpretation of Cesarios manner is only the surface chore presented by her speech. The reality of Cesarios gender, the active role Olivia takes in pursuing him/her, and the duality of word meanings in this passage threaten to turn the traditional patriarchal judgment of courtship upside down, or as Olivia says turn night to noon (139). Perhaps the biggest upset to the traditional structure is the possibility that Olivia may be in love with a woman. Shakespeare allows his audience to excuse this by havin g Olivia be unaware that Cesario is actually female. Yet, Olivias attraction seems to stem exactly from the more feminine characteristics like Cesarios stunning scorn and angry lip (136-137). Olivias words allow an audience, particularly a modern one, to perhaps read her as suspecting or even knowing that Cesario is female, insofar choosing to love him/her anyway. Olivias description of Cesarios beauty, both here and upon their first encounter, praises typically feminine qualities, but curiously doesnt question Cesarios gender. The comparison of love to guilt tempts the readers mind to marvel if Olivia is guilty about her love for such female attributes. Olivias oath on maidenhood ... ...ess Ltd, 1972. 222-43. Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Ed. Floyd Dell, New York Tudor Publishing Company, 1927. David, R. W., ed. The Arden Shakespeare Loves Labours Lost. capital of the United Kingdom Methuen, 1951. Dusinberre, Juliet. Shakespeare and the Nature of Women. London Ma cmillan Press Ltd, 1975. Erasmus, Desiderius. In Praise of Folly. Trans. Hoyt Hopewell Hudson, Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1970. Hotson, Leslie. Shakespeares Motley. New York Oxford University Press, 1952. Potter, Lois. Twelfth Night Text & Performance. London Macmillan, 1985. Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare. Edited Stephen Greenblatt et al. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. Zijderveld, Anton J. Reality in a Looking-Glass Rationality through an Analysis of Traditional Folly. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.

Biotechnology Essay -- essays research papers

BiotechnologyOver the past decade, Biotechnology has advanced much to the returns of many people. We have learned that with certain chemicals,we are able to cut-and-paste the DNA of certain organisms, and alterthem to comply to our sociable needs. But this can also ingrain modernmedicine, political factors, economic, and societal balances in ournation.For medicine, Biotechnology has been a blessing, ameliorateing peoplewho suffer from a sex-linked trait known as hemophilia. Hemophilia isa condition where the person may die of blood loss when cut orwounded. This is ca commitd by a lack of a certain chemical known asFactor 9, which allows the patient to heal from wounds. Scientists maynow insert a gene into the patients own DNA causing the patient toheal skin, which has been impossible until now, with Genetic-Engineering.I doubt that in that location have been any real disadvantages with thistechnology, since it works to heal the patient, but we really cantpredict what kind of me dical misfits there will be in the future,using this life-saving technology to their own personal, perhaps evil,advantages.Dealing with politics, Bioengineering has opened a whole newdoor pertaining to the military, whose use of it may create anultimate destruction. The alterance of nature is un-natural, and createsan unbalancement in life. When we use this technology towards thewrong side, we may all be burn...

The Internet In Classrooms :: Teaching Education

The Internet In ClassroomsHow Advanced Technology Is Changing the Face of Education for Students and TeachersThe first topic a college student typically does when he or she goes back to their dorm room or apartment is sit down at their computer and go online. They proceed to either, read their e-mail, check their online courses for new assignments, or go on one of the many communication websites or programs that are available currently to this generation. no(prenominal) of this would be possible without the readily available Internet access that we often take for granted. The Internet has proven not only useful for entertainment purposes, just now has also dramatically changed the educational approach, for both students and educators, and the way knowledge is being obtained. Internet access in schools has experienced an extreme enlarge within the bear decade. By the fall of the year 2000, 98% of the public schools throughout the United States reported to be connected to the Internet (NCES, 2000). This is a reported 63% increase since the year 1994. Also in 2000, the ratio of computers to students was one to six, an increase from the 1994 ratio of one computer for every eleven students (Mendels, 1999). Aside from having Internet access in school libraries and computer labs, the abundance in individual classrooms has dramatically increased. This allows for Internet learning to be more readily available to students on a workaday basis. Statistically over 70% of schools have this access in at least one of their classrooms (Mendels, 1999). Many schools have made the decision to go high-tech and create their own web pages via the World Wide Web. This allows them to advertise themselves to the virtual community. There has, also, been a change in how the Internet is being accessed by the unlike school systems. Dial-up Internet access has often been replaced by the high speed or cable Internet. A large portion of the increased Internet use, acc essibility, and popularity as an educational instrument in the classrooms has been aided by the Education Rate Program, also known as the E-Rate Program (NCES, 2000). As of 2001, $5.8 billion has been act to the growth of Internet access through this single program alone. It was established in 1996, with the goal of making Internet access, service, and connections more readily available to schools at discounted rates, in both urban and rural settings.

US Involvement in Nicaragua :: essays research papers fc

US Involvement in Nicaragua Some might joint that Nicaragua has been merely a pawn in the US battle against Soviet-Cuban Communist control in Latin America. Relationships between the US and Nicaragua go back to the meretricious Rush and Cornelius Vanderbilts attempts to expedite the travel between the two coasts of the US. Vanderbilt bought the rights to shuttle fortune-seekers across Nicaragua to avoid their having to cross the width of the United States or travel just about Cape Horn. Eventually, controversy among the Nicaraguan people led to a civil war in 1853. The US was further drawn into the conflict when the left-wing regular army hired an American, William Walker, to fight for them. Walker and his mercenaries quickly conquered Grenada, the stronghold of the Conservative parties and found themselves in charge of the army. Walker, however, had his eyes on the presidency, which he eventually took. Walker was not the end of US intervention in Nicaragua. The political relati on had aligning aspirations with Cornelius Vanderbilt and decided to build their canal through Nicaragua, which was less disease ravaged than the other contender, Panama. However, due(p) to previous treaty agreements, the US would have to sh be control of any canal strengthened through Nicaragua with Great Britain, and so the plan was abandoned. Instead, the US built an exclusively controlled canal through Panama. From 1893 1909, a general by the name of Zelaya had exclusive control of the Nicaraguan government. However, in 1909, with US support, this government was overthrown and a pro-US government was established. Throughout the early 1900s, US Marines helped quell minor rebellions throughout Nicaragua and occupy much of the country. Finally, in 1933, the marines leave under the premise of peace with the guerilla leader Gen. Sandino. A man named Anastasio Somoza is put in charge of the National Guard, and therefore controls the country with an iron fist. Until 1979, the Somoz a family serves as the totalitarian government in Nicaragua, fixing the elections so power remains in the family. Throughout this 40 year period, several minor insurrections are staged by the newly founded Sandinista National Liberation Front. These are easily put down by the military regime, until 1979. Throughout this period of relative peace in Nicaragua, many dominos are being decide up around them throughout Central America. In 1959, Castro controls Cuba and the US begins to worry about the communist influence in Latin America.

Nutrition Application Internship :: essays research papers

Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became very(prenominal) concerned in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite(a) who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to die hard only 1 year. While he didnt break cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldnt diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed his life. He started to squander low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, start out smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, make love as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him exalt to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his tale and never come acrossed at food the same carriage again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optima l health, that just exercise isnt enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a advisor to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can sponsor people develop habits to improve their health. I may lastly go on to graduate school to evoke my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background pass on be a great contribution to the Washington assure University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many divers(prenominal) cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to differen t cultures allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful.Nutrition diligence Internship essays research papers Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became very interested in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to live only 1 year. While he didnt have cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldnt diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed his life. He started to eat low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, quit smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, live as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him inspired to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his history and never looked at food the same way again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optimum health, that just exercise isnt enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a consultant to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can help people develop habits to improve their health. I may eventually go on to graduate school to advance my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background will be a great contribution to the Washington State University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many diverse cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to different cultures allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful.

Nutrition Application Internship :: essays research papers

Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became rattling interest in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to lie with only 1 year. While he didnt fork out cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldnt diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed his life. He started to feast low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, foreswear smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, zippy as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him shake to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his tale and never exploreed at food the same track again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optimum health, that just exe rcise isnt enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a consultant to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can patron people develop habits to improve their health. I may lastly go on to graduate school to upgrade my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background allow be a great contribution to the Washington bring up University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many several(a) cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to different cultures allowed me to r elate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful.Nutrition diligence Internship essays research papers Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became very interested in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to live only 1 year. While he didnt have cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldnt diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed h is life. He started to eat low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, quit smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, live as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him inspired to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his history and never looked at food the same way again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optimum health, that just exercise isnt enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a consultant to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can help people develop habits to improve their health. I may eventually go on to graduate school to advance my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background will be a great contribution to the Washington State University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many diverse cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to different cultures allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful.

Free Lunch?There Is None Such

There aint no such thing as a free dejeuner (alternatively, Theres no such thing as a free lunch or other variants) is a popular adage communicating the idea that it is unimaginable to get something for aught. The phrase is central to Robert Heinleins 1966 libertarian science fiction novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress,1 which popularized it. 2 The free-market economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase3 by using it as the gentle of a 1975 book, and it often appears in economics textbooks4 Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is at the core of economics. 5 The acronyms TANSTAAFL (which appears in Heinleins novel) and TINSTAAFL are also used. Uses of the phrase and the acronym dating back to the thirty-something and 1940s have been found, but the phrases first appearance is unknown. 3 The free lunch in the saying refers to the nineteenth century practice in American parallel bars of offering a free lunch with drinksThe free lunch referred to in the acronym relates back to the once-common tradition of saloons in the United States providing a free lunch to patrons who had purchased at least one drink.Rudyard Kipling, writing in 1891, noted how he came upon a barroom full of bad Salon pictures, in which men with hats on the backs of their heads were wolfing intellectual nourishment from a counter. It was the institution of the free lunch I had struck. You paid for a drink and got as much as you wanted to eat. For something less than a rupee a day a man can feed himself sumptuously in San Francisco, even though he be a bankrupt.Remember this if of all time you are stranded in these parts.? 6 TANSTAAFL, on the other hand, indicates an acknowledgment that in reality a person or a society cannot get something for nothing. Even if something appears to be free, there is always a greet to the person or to society as a whole even though that cost may be hidden or distributed. For example, as Heinlein has one of his characters point out, a bar offering a free lunch will apt(predicate) charge more for its drinks

Indigenous Disadvantage

Working Effectively with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Is republicer People Why ar endemic state in Australia still disadvantaged with regard to wellness c atomic number 18 and services? For the last 200 years natural community provoke been victims of discrimination, prejudice and disadvantage. shortsighted education, poor living conditions and general poverty are still overwhelming issues for a large percentage of our community and we remain as a group, the or so poverty stricken domain of the working class in Australia (Cuthoys 1983). As a people, our rate of inveterate disease is still 2. times higher than that of another(prenominal) Australians, and Indigenous people in this country die 15 to 20 years younger than those in mainstream Australia. More than half of these figures are caused by chronic diseases such heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and kidney disease. The majority of these chronic diseases are hinderable and while research is con tinuing to find ways to sign on the risk factors, issues such as smoking, alcohol and fondness abuse, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and promoting healthy eating and active demeanorstyles are still major challenges in Indigenous communities end-to-end Australia.Healthy living choices are not easy for people living in remote communities which results in a high relative incidence of preventable chronic disease. technical nutrition is fundamental to the maintenance of general wellbeing and the prevention of sickness and disease. It plays an imperative role in pregnancy and early childhood, prevents obesity and type 2 Diabetes and can lower the risk of recurrent heart disease by up to 70%.However, remote communities face umpteen barriers to healthy eating, including isolation, the high toll of food, the variable supply of fresh food, lack of community town infrastructure and inadequate health promotion support, are just a few of these barriers that prevent community people from being able to make healthy living choices. Community programs in the Northern Territory aimed at building healthy communities are based on nutrition-related Menzies research and work to support community capacity to create a supportive environment for healthy eating and physical activity.These projects buy the farm within the communities and are aimed at influencing food-related policy, promote healthy eating and physical activity, and encourage community engagement in activities for better health. Not as numerous health services are as user-friendly or culturally appropriate for Indigenous people as they are for non-Indigenous people, adding to higher levels of disadvantage and a greater reluctance to utilise these services. Sometimes this is because more Indigenous people live in remote locations and not all health services are offered outside of major centres.Specific issues such as reducing the incidence of chronic disease requires a significantly greater effort in coor dinating corporate strengths, creating and supporting preventative programs and primary health care for Indigenous communities and while great work is being done, more efforts are required to reduce the high incidence of chronic disease on Indigenous people and communities. When designing and develop services to meet the needs of our Indigenous people, close collaboration and consultation with the people for whom the service will be provided is vital.There is also much evidence suggesting that Indigenous women are over-represented in our hospitals and health clinics as victims of domestic and family wildness. There is no pee-pee measure of the extent to which Indigenous family violence is under-reported, but it is expected to be higher than for the general population (Cripps 2008 Cunneen 2009). In a report to the Australian government activity about Indigenous violence, it was suggested that priority should be placed on implementing anti-violence programs, rather than on furth er quantitative research.The key risk factors for Indigenous family violence relate to social judgeors living in a remote community levels of undivided, family and community dysfunction availability of resources age removal from family disability financial difficulties and way use. Indigenous Australians make up 2. 6% of Australias population however they experience health and social problems resulting from alcohol use at a rate disproportional to non-Indigenous Australians. It is estimated that chronic disease associated with alcohol use by Indigenous Australians is almost double to that of mainstream Australia.In 2003, alcohol accounted for 6. 2% of the overall incidence of disease among Indigenous Australians. fit to available evidence, the use of volatile substances, especially petrol sniffing among the Indigenous population is much higher that of the non-Indigenous population. The use of volatile substances has major impacts on Indigenous people, families, communities and the wider Australian community. What resources are needed and required to address the issues and explain how you see that these resources be best distributed.What projects need to be done? What makes health services more friendly for Indigenous people? ? Having more Indigenous Health Workers on staff ? Increasing the number of Indigenous people working in the health sector (Aboriginal, health workers, social workers, doctors, dentists, nurses, etc) ? Designing more health promotion campaigns aimed circumstantialally at Indigenous people ? Better training of non-Indigenous staff to be more sensitive to the needs of Indigenous patients and to improve cultural awareness ?Making important health services available in remote locations (so Indigenous people do not have to travel to major centres, away from their support networks and the security of their own community) and ? Funding health services so they are cheap for Indigenous people who might otherwise not be able to afford them. As a result of our history and because of the continuing disadvantage, our people have needs that differ from those of mainstream Australians. Therefore, it is also imperative that we acknowledge and respect the impact of events and issues in Indigenous peoples history when designing and delivering these services.The social determinants of health include if a person is working, feels safe in their community without discrimination, has a good education, has tolerable money, and feels connected to friends and family. Social determinants that are particularly important to many Indigenous people are their connection to land, a historical departed that took people from their traditional lands and away from their families. If a person feels safe, has a job that earns enough money, and feels connected to their family and friends, they will generally be healthier.Indigenous people are generally worse off than non-Indigenous people when it comes to the social determinants of health. Additi onally, it is important to develop policy and enforce to address substance use among Indigenous people. Programs addressing alcohol and volatile substance use should be operated in combination with a range of general programs aimed at closing the gap betwixt Indigenous people and other Australians in the areas of education, employment, income and housing. What strategies can be put into place to a. vercome access, equity, disadvantaged issues and b. to make services culturally safe? A strengths-based approach involves working from a communitys collective strengths to assist them to address their challenges. Bringing together different people with specific skills to collectively address issues, communities can provide local anaesthetic solutions issues specific to their local area. This approach includes the practice of using culturally appropriate and consultative strategies, however, strengths-based approaches also nidus on maximising the strengths of contributors.By doing so, the targeted interventions are more likely to realise long-term change because they empower our communities to provide practical solutions that are appropriate for them (Haswell-Elkins et al. 2009 Leigh 2008). Australia has committed to developing strategies to address the causes of Indigenous disadvantage and six key areas have been identified as targets to reducing the divide between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. These targets are to improve life expectancy within a generation to halve the mortality rates for Indigenous children under five within a decade to nsure all Indigenous four year olds in remote communities have access to early childhood education within five years to improve reading, writing and numeracy achievements for Indigenous children within a decade to improve the number of Indigenous students in year 12 attainment or equivalent and to improve employment outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians within a decade. A substantial amount ha s been invested in improving Indigenous health outcomes and the way the Australian health care arranging prevents treats and manages the chronic diseases that shorten so many Indigenous Australians lives.The aim is to reduce the risk factors for chronic disease in the community such as smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, improve chronic disease management and follow up through our health services, and increase the capacity of our acute care workforce to deliver effective care to Indigenous people with chronic disease. How can we advocate for anti- racial discrimination policies? Although many other Australian minority groups have been reported to be experiencing racism in our country, the experiences of racism are most protracted among our own Indigenous people.Racist attitudes toward Indigenous people may be viewed as having two dominant waves the frontmost wave was predominant during the first 170 years following the arrival of the First Fleet, and the second was in the post-r eferendum era, which led to changes in Australias constitution that officially recognised Indigenous people as part of the Commonwealth of Australia. The belief in superiority based on skin colour was justified by the framing of Indigenous Australians as inferior humans. These politically entrenched attitudes justified dispossession of Indigenous people from their homelands.Dispossession resulted in reluctance by mainstream Australia to acknowledge land rights, loss of spiritual values, disrupted law, and disconnection from land, community, family and cultural values. Most policies were backed by legal provisions instituted by Australian state governments. For example in Queensland, laws enacted treated Indigenous people like prisoners, with little freedom of choice. They were required to work without pay and prevented from undertaking traditional cultural practices.These policies created a sense of powerlessness, hopelessness, stress and related illness. Today, there remains no qu ick fix solution to changing the levels of disadvantage that have been generations in the making. To move forward we must learn from the past and build through good practice and recognising that there are successful public, private and community sector programs and initiatives that have made substantial progress. Addressing disadvantage places responsibilities on those providing support and assistance and on those receiving it.For those who provide support there is a duty to those being assisted for example, it means service providers should work together with local Indigenous people and their communities recognise and acknowledge our history and the consequences of past policy and practice and empower local Indigenous communities to help themselves. For the communities being assisted, there is a responsibility to help ourselves as best as we can, this might mean looking for information on available services, assisting service providers to improve delivery outcomes, and recognising and addressing individualised barriers to improvement.Some Indigenous communities have identified that taking responsibility in education and employment is an important part of the way forward. In other communities, the importance of individual and family commitment to a healthy lifestyle has been identified. Meeting these targets will also require our own people to take responsibility for implementing some lifestyle changes if the problems of obesity, diabetes and substance abuse are to be improved. Local, Territory, State and Federal governments and peak Aboriginal bodies have collective social responsibilities to Indigenous people as their constituents.Governments are creditworthy for ensuring that citizens have access to the resources and the opportunities needed to take their place in our society. Governments have the responsibility to ensure programs and services do not produce welfare dependency or other unintended consequences. Finally, Australian governments have responsi bilities under the international treaties that Australia has entered into. References Review of volatile substance use among Indigenous people. dAbbs P, Maclean S (2008) Volatile substance misuse a review of interventions.Barton, ACT Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing www. healthinfonet. ecu. edu. au Supporting the Yolngu Life Yolngu Walngakum. Building healthy Communities www. menzies. edu. au Dunn KM, Klocker N, Salabay T (2007) Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia racializing religion. Ethnicities 7 564-589 Angelico T (1993) Wellness and contemporary Australian racism. In Collins J, ed. Contemporary racism in Australia, Canada and modernistic Zealand volume 2.Sydney University of Technology 237-258 Lewis W, Balderstone S, Bowan J (2009) Events that shaped Australia. Sydney New Holland Publishers Trudgen R (2000) Why warriors lie down and die towards an understanding of why the Aboriginal people of Arnhem polish face the greatest crisis in health and education since European contact djambatj mala. Darwin Aboriginal Resource and Development Services Inc. Howitt R, McCracken K, Curson P (2005) Australian Indigenous health what issues contribute to a national crisis and scandal?. Geodate 18(1) 8-15

Is Prejudice and Discrimination a Myth or a Real Life Situation Essay

Prejudice is a cultural attitude that rests on negative stereotypes about individuals or groups be ready of their cultural, religious, racial, or ethnic background. Discrimination is the active denial of desired goals from a category of persons. A category can be based on sex, ethnicity, nationality, religion, language, or class. more recently, disadvantaged groups now also include those based on gender, age, and physical disabilities.Prejudice and discrimination argon deeply imbedded at both the individual and social levels. Attempts to eradicate prejudice and discrimination must thus deal with prevailing beliefs or ideologies, and social structure. Although there is no wide agreement as to the cause of prejudice and discrimination, there is a consensus that they constitute a learned behaviour. The internalization of prejudice starts with parents and, later, teachersthe groups primary in the formation of attitudes within children.The media and social institutions solidify damagin g attitudes, giving them social legitimacy. In a sense, it is incorrect to speak of eradicating prejudice, since prejudice is learned. At best, genius can reduce prejudice and discrimination. Society looks most oftentimes to education and legislation to alleviate prejudice and discriminationfor reasons still not clearly known, inter-group contact alone is not enough to reduce prejudice. On one hand, multicultural education, whether direct or indirect, constitute the mainstay of educational efforts to eliminate prejudice.On the other hand, the emphasis on civil rights, enlightened immigration policies, and mandates for quota hiring are the cornerstone of legal approaches to alleviating the effects of prejudice and discrimination. The most overlooked area in resolving the problems of prejudice and discrimination lies in the web of close relationships where authentic feelings of love can be fostered and strengthened. The private sphere may indeed be the last frontier where a solutio n to the problems of prejudice may devour to be found.

Business Strategic Management on McDonald’s in India Essay

1.1 McDonald Corporation worldwideMcDonalds Corporation, headquartered in Oak, Brook, US, is a unwavering diet compass naturalised by Maurice and Richard McDonalds. Since its establishment in 1940 when the company operates as a barbecue with customers queuing up for a limited service, the company has grown to become the worlds largest hamburger viands chain military service 68 million customers daily in over 119 countries. The company attains its international recognition following the purchase of a franchise right by Ray Kroc in 1955 who establish the presence of the company in other regions (Gilbert, 2009 Business Education, 2011).1.2 McDonalds IndiaMcDonalds entered India in 1996 by dint of a interchangeable venture with local firms such as Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited and Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited. However, contrary to the companys expectation, McDonalds faced some hooligan time been accepted by the consumers collectable to perhaps cultural m ismatch between the locals culture and what McDonalds represent the American culture (Habib, et al., 2011). Through its localization outline (Times Magazines, 2011 The Start Newspaper 2011), McDonalds changed its reaping menu from beef burger to lamb and vegetable burger given the large vegetable consuming population, altered its store design, reduce the fruit price by 10-15% so as to suit the customers taste and preference. This localization strategy has paid off because McDonalds has over 300 eating places in various parts of India serving over 500,000 customers on daily basis.2. Macro environment analysis in IndiaAfter long time of economic dwindling, the Indian parsimony is libertine ontogeny in recent years, thus impacting positively on the dissipated forage for thought sedulousness. For example, Subramanian, (2013) notes that Indian economy grows at 6.4% annual rate from 2002 to 2011 with an honest rate of 7.7%. This has enhanced the rise of the middle class group after years of wide gap between the rich and poor. This rising middle companionable class opens more investment potential for companies especially fast fare companies because the more income peopleearn, the more likely they would spend such on food. Also, other prevalent concept in India is the tendency to eat outside which has increased from 2-4 times a week to 4-8 times. Goyal and Singh, (2007) assert that food diversity in India is characterized by Indias diversified culture comprising diverse states. Although Indians like to have homecooked meals a concept supported religiously as well as individually, recent years has witnessed a slight shift in food use of goods and services patterns among urban Indian families toward eating outside owing to increasing awareness and influence of Hesperian culture. The rising middle class group and consumers tendency to eat outside has affected the fast food industry positively in that Nayak, (2013) notes that the India fast-food industr y grows at 40% rate and the mart range is judge to reach 70 billion rupees ($1.1 billion) by 2016.3. Micro business environment in India exploitation PESTLEThe political, economic, sociocultural, technological, legal and the environment factors influencing the India fast food commercialize is discussed here.3.1 Political factorMcDonalds and other fast food chain are expected to obey labeling and packaging regulations and wellness and safety guidelines as stipulated by the Indian government and its food regulatory bodies. This is because of the growing concerns of the health effect of consuming fast food (Ali, et al. 2011). For example, the fast food consumption has been shown to increase calorie in strike, weight gain which exposes consumers to the risk of facing diabetes. Given this, fast food is been criticized by health practitioners and consumers activists for high calorie content and Trans fat.3.2 Economic factorIndias increasing income level per month which was Rs5130 in 2 011 and Rs5,729 in 2012-2013 (The Economic Times, 2013) gives McDonalds and other fast food chains a good economic prospect for lucrativeness and weaken market performance. However, the low setup cost of fast food outlets and franchising create fast expansion in that operators keep prices low so as to attract customers (Gilbert, 2009). For example, McDonalds crackingsfinancing and training assistance for new franchisees so as to help oneself better manage their cash flow and keep business profitable.3.3 Social factorConsumers changing lifestyle offers both opportunities and challenges to the fast food operators. firearm outlets who provide healthier and more natural food menu would benefit from consumers changing eating habit to organic food, operators who do not provide healthier food options would sledding customers. For example, when McDonalds entered India, it did not realize the desired results because while over 70% Indians are vegetarians, the companys burgers were m ade with beef as other markets. Thus, the company place its produces and outlets so as to suit the consumers tastes and preferences by offering vegetarian burger and revamping the outlets design (Srikant, 2013).3.4. Technological factorTechnological advancement helps fast food companies to streamline value creation process so as to enhance efficiency (Srikant, 2013). For example, through advanced food processing technology, Help Desk Service, network and application consolidation, the operations of McDonalds in India is greatly ameliorated. Also, just-in-time order and delivery is done over the internet and TV, social media and radio are used to advertise the products and maintain customer relationship management.3.5 environmental factorThere is a growing concern about environmental issues associated with fast food consumption in India (Times Magazines, 2011). For example, fast food is said to be one of the largest consumers of paper products leading to millions of pounds of foo d packaging waste littering roadways, clogging landfills and spoiling quality of human life.3.6 Legal factorGiven the increasing environmental concerns of fast food consumption, theoperators are required by law to use environmentally friendly materials such as recyclable materials in packaging products so as to avoid wastes littering roadways and landfills (Times Magazines, 2011). Also, McDonalds in India and other firms are required to maintain graceful advertisement programs so as not to make fictitious advertising promises.4. Industry analysisIndias fast food industry is a fast growing market characterized with many players and challenges. Michael Porters cardinal forces model is used to analyze the competition level and profitability (see Figure 1).4.1 Entry barrierIndias fast food industry is a fast growing market due to increasing middle class population, changing lifestyle towards eating outside and low setup costs although major exist players such as McDonalds enjoys eco nomics ofscale and unvoiced brand recognition. This increasing market potential encourages many potential firms to enter the market. Business Wire, (2011) reports that the India fast food market grows at an annual rate of 30-35% because of increasing social class grow and consumers changing lifestyle.4.2 Existing rivalrySince the entry rate of India fast food market is high, there are quite a number of current fast food firms competing for the same customers. Given this, McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and other competitors contest over customers through price reduction, product localization to suit tastes and preferences and revamping the outlets to be more convenient and smart. While the price war attracts more customers, it tends to reduce the profitability rate of the companies since the reduced product prices would increase production costs. Rapoza, (2012) reports that McDonalds India cuts 6-15% products prices in order to increase its customer base.4.3 Substitutes pr oductsAlthough the threat of substitute products in the fast food market is moderate, food available in foodservice, retail outlets and homemade serve as substitute products (Haberberg and Rieple, 2008). However, the convenience and family dining experience associated with eating outside on fast food outlets reduce the threat of substitute. For example, while consumers can cook at home cheaply, the lack of convenience element in homemade food increases consumers chances of eating on fast food outlets.4.4 Suppliers powerThe suppliers bargaining power is moderate in the India fast food market. This is because with the growing competitive supply chain alliances, supplier bargaining power appear to be limited (Srikant, 2013). However, the firm to enjoy higher bargaining power depends on who has a more technology control and strategy.4.5 Buyers powerThe buyers bargaining power seems moderate to high in the India fast food market. For example, the industrys competitiveness enhances consum ers bargaining power and consumers are highly price-sensitive (Muhlbacker et al., 1999) with little/no switching cost among fast food chains. But, major companies like McDonald reduce buyers power through providing product range that cater for the whole demographic, rather than focusing on a single segment. For instance, McDonalds targets children with its Happy Meals products offerings while professionals with breakfast options and take away coffee.5. Success factorsMcDonalds in India targets children, youth and the young urban family who are either vegetarians or non-vegetarians. To survive and succeed in the India market, McDonalds understand consumers needs and satisfy such needs profitability. Table 1 shows consumers needs and the determinants of the industry survival and success.Table 1 indicates that consumers needs are changing from benefits such as tastes and quantity to a more healthy food menu deliver in a clean and conducive environment at an affordable precise. The sur vival spectrum of the table is the survival factors. According to the table, fast food firms can survival the intense market competition through price naked as a jaybird sinceconsumers are price sensitive and efficiency. However, the other end of the spectrum is the determinants of the industrys success story. According to the table, firms can succeed if they differentiate base on product uniqueness and costs and designing products to satisfy local tastes and preference.6. McDonalds India and value chainMcDonalds India internal environment is characterized by purchasing raw materials from suppliers, preparing food and serving customers. Table 2 shows the value creation process of McDonalds in India. It shows the various stages and activities involved in the value creation processes. For example, McDonalds purchases raw materials from its fixed, pre-defined suppliers which are subsequently vigilant and served to customers in a clean and comfortable environment.Although Indias suppl y chain network was underdeveloped during the early stage when McDonalds penetrated the country, McDonalds has taken steps to improve the situation. The company works with local suppliers and farmers to source all its requirements. This indicates that McDonalds has over the years streamlined its business through its strategic and threshold resources to become a headstone player in the India market.7. Business-level strategyIn the companys level strategy, the issues considered are resources and capabilities, positioning approach, differentiation and costs strategies.7.1 Resources and capabilitiesWhile McDonalds resources are the reusable assets which help the company create a cost or differentiation advantage which rivals cannot acquire easily, capabilities entail McDonalds ability to use its resources effectively and expeditiously (Gilbert, 2009 Business Education, 2011). Examples of McDonalds resources include corporate brand identity such as brand image, brand reputation and bra nd equity. Other resources include strong technical know-how, installed customer base and patents and trademarks. An example of McDonalds capability is its skill in bringing a product to the Indian market faster than rivals who help the firm enjoys first-mover benefit. McDonalds resources and capabilities form distinctive competencies which facilitates innovation, efficiency, quality and customer responsiveness.A resource-based view is used to explain McDonalds resources and capabilities (see Figure 2). According to the resource-based view theory, McDonalds uses its resources and capabilities to produce a competitive advantage which subsequently yields an excellent value creation.The model indicates that McDonalds must develop a competitive advantage through resources and capabilities which are superordinate to competing products.7.2 Positioning approachMcDonalds India positions the brand through utilizing its resources and capabilities which ultimately develops into costs and diff erentiation strategies. This is aimed at delivering product benefits exceeding competing brands at let down costs. This indicates that McDonalds India positions itself in the fast food industry through its low-cost and differentiation strategies.7.3 Differentiation and costs strategiesWhile differentiation strategy entails delivering superior product benefits that exceed competing products, costs strategy entails delivering product that benefits at lower costs. This is directed at achieving a competitive advantage that would help McDonalds deliver superior value for customers and superior return for the firm. 8. McDonalds India analysisThe companys strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats are discussed here. Table 3 balances the internal and outside environment of McDonalds in IndiaTable 3 McDonalds in Indias SWOT analysisSTRENGTHSWhile there seems to be a fair balance of the strengths and weaknesses, the former outweighs the latter. This indicates that the fi rm stands a chance of utilizing its market position to become a strong force to recognize if it will convert its weaknesses into strengths. For example, McDonalds could invest in public relations to change the negative perception consumers have towards fast food so as to increase consumers brand connecter and preference. On the external environment, while the growing middle class population indicates more disposable income on fast food, the intense competition may not allow McDonalds to capture on the trend but through aggressive campaign.9. Corporate-level strategyMcDonalds Indias mission is to become consumers most dearie place to eat. The mission is designed to be achieved through its global strategy of plan to win approach by offering superior consumer experience.The company is maneuver by its operational strategic goals of lower costs, quality products delivered at quick speed in a flexible environment (Business Wire, 2011 Rapoza, 2012). For example, it serves as the costs d rawing card in the fast food market through its economies of scale and cost control mechanisms. On the quality, it provides tasty and healthy options without compromising the standard.McDonalds entered India through a joint venture with Hardcastle Restaurants Pvt. Ltd and Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited who spearhead the promotion of McDonalds operations in West, South and North regions (Srikant, 2013). The relationship between foreign furnish and the locals is a interchangeable one in that human capability, marketing expertise and operational know-how are shared among the associating firms so as to achieve a mutual benefit. For example, while McDonalds uses its strong global market expertise and presence in promoting the brand in India, the two partners use their knowledge on the local have sex latter efforts.McDonalds involves both in forward and background so as to have a better control over the supply chain and logistic function of the fast. For example, McDonalds India 12diversifies into related products on the area of healthier product offering, franchising, upstream and local product sourcing. This indicates that the firm expands tap into growth potentials in the market by introducing more products-line and increase market share. This fulfills consumers unmet needs because it becomes more attractive and better competitor. Diversification gives the firm more control over market by capturing profitable opportunities and gaining access to crucial resources. However, diversification has the risk of not selling the new products or generating enough revenue to cover the investment costs.10. McDonalds India building and control patternMcDonalds India adopts decentralized management structure in its task allocation, coordination and supervision towards goal achievement. This indicates that each of McDonalds outlets in India has a restaurant motorbus who allocates, coordinates and supervises the operations so as to ensure that the sales quotas a nd performance is achieved (Business Education, 2011). However, middle-line managers and training managers assist the restaurant manager to achieve the organizational goals. While the manager and assistant managers oversea the daily running of the outlet, the delivery crew members perform basic operations such as procuring materials and preparing and packaging food menu and ensuring customers satisfaction.While the decentralized structure helps each restaurant to implement policies and strategies according to their peculiar needs and tastes, it could cause inconsistent service quality and standards among the restaurants in different regions.11. testimonyMcDonalds in India should take note of the needs and expectations of the local consumers. Thus, the following points must be considered in order to attract and increase the customer base in India.McDonalds India should offer superior value through unique product benefits at affordable price and ensure consistent service quality.The company should offer food menus comprising many options so as to suit consumers varying tastes and preferenceMcDonalds India should offer healthier menu options and enhance its brand image through spend in public relationsThe company should provide convenient and quick services to meet consumers changing lifestyles12. ConclusionMcDonalds penetrated the India market in the 1996 due to growing middle class population, changing lifestyles, and the tendency for dual partners to hold full time job. However, the company did perform well at the initial years due to cultural mismatch between McDonalds who represents the American culture and the locals who epitomizes the India culture. To achieve greater results, McDonalds revamped its store outlets, reduced price by 6-15% and product location. If the company wishes to maintain its market position in the emerging market, it must streamline its product benefits to include health concerns of the consumers.ReferencesAli, I. et al. (2011). An e xploratory study on the web-based customer relationship management in the fast-food industry in Malaysia. 2011 2nd International Conference onEconomics,BusinessandManagementonlineVol.22(14).AvailableFast foodwww.ipedr.com Accessed 13 October, 2013Business Education, (2011) McDonalds Company Facts situation Page online. Available http//www.bized.co.uk. Accessed 13 October, 2013Business Wire, (2011) Research and Markets The fast food market in India Indian fast food market is growing at the rate of 30-35% Per Annum, 04 stately online. Available http//www.businesswire.com Accessed 7 October, 2013Gilbert, S. (2009) The Story of McDonald 1st ed. Minnesota Creative Education Grant, R.M. and Jordan, J. (2012) Foundations of strategy, 1st edn. West Sussex John Wiley & Sons LtdGoyal, A. and Singh, N.P. (2007) Consumer perception about fast food in India an exploratory study, British Food Journal online, Vol. 109(2), pp. 182-195. Available www.emeraldinsight.com Accessed 22 October 2013Habe rberg, A. and Rieple, A. (2008) Strategic Management Theory and Application, Oxford University PressHabib, F.Q. et al., (2011) Consumers preference and consumption towards fast food evidences from Malaysia. Business Management Quarterly Review online, Vol.2 (1), pp. 2180-2777. Available www. eprints.uitm.edu.my Accessed 13 September, 2013Porter, M.E. (2008) Competitive strategy techniques for analyzing industries and competitors US Simon and Schuster15Rapoza, K. (2012) Some McDonalds assay in India, Forbes Magazine, 22 July online. Available www.forbes.com Accessed 13 October, 2013 Srikant, P. (2013) McDonalds goes vegetarian in India, Amity Research Centers online. Available www.ecch.com Accessed 13 October, 2013 Subramanian, A. (2013) Why Indias economy is stumbling, The New York Times, August 30 online. Available http//www.nytimes.com Accessed 20 October, 2013 The Start Newspaper (2011) McDonalds Think Global, Act Local the Marketing Mix Online Available from http//biz.thestar.c om.my Accessed 13 October, 2013 Times Magazines, (2011) McDonalds Think Global, Act Local, and the Marketing Mix Online Available http//www.time.com/time Retrieved 13 October, 2013The Economic Times, (2013) Indias per capita income rises to Rs 5,729 per month, 7 February,online.Availablehttp//www.articles.economictimes.indiatimes.comAccessed 13 October, 201316

Mus 100 Study Guide

MUS 100 FINAL STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 17 Forte lenient early piano, named for its arena of dynamic levels it was sm entirelyer and less sonorous than the modern instrument. Classical style restrained, objective style of art. Classical refers to Western music characteristic of the period from 1750-1825. Composers Mozart Invested more of his music with a degree of emotion expression unusual for his time. Never allowed emotion to dominate his art. Haydn Wrote pleasant, good-natured music throughout his long life. Wrote masses, oratorios, and other sacred compositions for church and for design performance. Beethoven Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. CHAPTER 18 Form organization and design of a composition, or of one exercise within a composition. Symphony multimovement orchestral form. Sonata-Allegro first movement form. The 3 sections exposition, development, and recapitulation-form a binary design. Exposition firs t section of a fugue or of a sonata-allegro. Development 2nd section of the sonata-allegro it moves through many keys. Recapitulation 3rd section of the sonata-allegro.Reviews the material of the exposition, presenting it in a new light. close Meaning, tail a closing section. Minuet and Trio ABA. Often the 3rd movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. Consists of two minuets, the second (trio) lighter and more lyrical than the first. Cadenza extended passage for unaccompanied instrument typical feature of a solo concerto. Rondo ABACA. Form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material. The pace is usually fast, and the mood merry. String Quartet chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello. Sonata ( definitive period) a multimovement composition for one or two solo instruments. CHAPTER 19 Overture introductory orchestral frame. Comic Opera (opera comique, singspiel, opera buffa) Operas light in mood, modest in performing re quirements, written in the vernacular language of the intended audience. Requiem mass for the dead. Ensemble Finale final scene of a musical show in which several soloists concurrently express, in different words and music, their individual points of view. CHAPTER 20 Motive short melodic phrase that may be effectively develop. Art song concert setting of a poem, usually by a well-known poet, to music. Lieder German art songs. Song cycle sets of songs by one composer, often using texts all by the same poet. Composers Schubert earliest master of amative art son. Composed 143 songs at 18. Godfather of the romantic period genre. CHAPTER 21-22 Cyclic form multimovement form unified by recurrence of the same or similar melodic material in two or more movements. Absolute music instrumental music having no tended association with a story, poem, idea or scene non-program music. Concert overture one movement orchestral composition, often inspired by literature and salient in expre ssion, yet prevalently subject to analysis according to classical principles of form. Program symphony symphony (composition for orchestra in several movements) related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title. Idee fixe single melody used in several movements of a long work to agree a recurring idea. Thematic transformation variation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes.Sometimes called metamorphosis. Dies irae Gregorian chant for the dead. Symphonic poem (tone poem) programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such as sonata/rondo) or an original irregular form. Composers Brahms misplaced classicist. Poured the warmest Romantic emotional content into his classical forms. He based his music on models from the past. Berlioz his works were based on unrequited love. Used the idee fixe, which was a melodic reference to his beloved. CHAPTER 23 Character piece relatively short piano piece in a characteristic style or mood. Nocturnes Piece expressing the character of night. Prelude short independent or introductory piece for keyboard. Etude a virtuosic instrumental study or exercise intended for concert performance. Rubato romantic technique of robbing from the tempo at some points and pay back at others. Composers Chopin only great composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano. Most pieces are miniatures. Virtuoso pianist, most famous for lyrical and melancholic melodies.CHAPTER 25 -Post-romanticism general term for several romantic styles that succeeded the dominance of German Romanticism and preceded the return of classicism to the arts. Atonality avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music. Impressionism style of painting and music that avoids explicit statement, instead emphasizing suggestion and atmosphere. Primitivism style inspired by primitive works of art and by the relaxed life of unsophisticated cultures. Piz zicato technique of plucking string instruments.Composers Mahler post-romantics. Wrestled with conflicting romantic and classical ideals. Strauss leader of post-romantic composers. Strictly classical style but developed romantic techniques. Debussy first musician labeled an impressionist. Developed unusual harmonies and exotic timbres. Schoenberg inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) Using the 12 pitches equally. 12 tone row playing the 12 pitches in whatever order no repeated tones until the row has been fully played. Wrote in a free atonal style gt Drifted away from traditional unanimity and experimented other styles Stravinsky went through an early ballet period before the war. He went through a neo-classical period. Primitivism movement in the second decade of the twentieth century. Reveals romanticism characteristics. Characterized by strong savage rhythms, dissonant combinations of sound and narrow melodies. Rite of Spring controversial piece, ballet, and scand al piece CHAPTER 27 Experimentalism exploration of previously unknown aspects of musical sound. Polytonality two or more keys at the same time. Tone cluster chord built on seconds. Prepared piano piano whose timbre and pitches have been altered by the application of foreign materials on or between the strings. Twelve-tone technique arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a tow that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition. Row series of tones on which a serial composition is based. Composers Schoenberg inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) Weberm developed his own styles lean, clean, delicate, and strong. Ives invented polytonality (incorporating of two different keys). Cowell invented the plucking of a piano sound. Cage 1912-1992 not trained as a musician. Brought up in Los Angeles. Became a composer. Alatoric mold sounds and just guessed when it should be played. Conceptual art piece called 4 minutes a 33 seconds just the sounds in CHAPTER 28 Neoclassicism 12th century stochastic variable of classicism in music. Neoromanticism 12th century version of a romantic approach to music. Minimalism style of music based on many repetitions of simple(a) melodic lines that gradually change and slowly evolve patterns and rhythmic patterns. Composers Copland American nationalist composer Dean of American Music Gershwin Best known of all American opera, filled with the characteristic sounds of jazz, including syncopated rhythms, expressive vocal catches and slides. Prokofiev focused on neoclassical music. Barber focused on neoromanticism. Adagio for string orchestra (tonal piece) Reich focused on minimalism. Glass focused on minimalism.

Brand Community

During the last fifteen years, there are umteen best- exchangeing(predicate) subjects family merchandise and cross building,etc.These hot subjects encourage interaction and speed up the incubation of new sources of disciplinary growth betray Relationship(the relationship in the midst of consumer and blemish).In Brand Relationship theory sysytem, to a greater extent than scholars focus on the relationship between consumer and sign, nevertheless Muniz and OGuinn(2001) did more look for on the relationship among consumers, and position forward a new blemish concept Brand Community.This concept comes from consumption society,which was first proposed by historian Daniel Boorstin(1974), in the modern era of high mobility, deal look non and to communality of consumption behavior but in addition to neighborhood as a basis for feelings of residential area. The same as consumption conjunction, stigma company is also initiative and drive of individuals co operating at the beginning, after that, enterprise start to take advantage of the power of fire scar community to build mail loyalty and send equity, therefore, stag community is becoming a new weapon of marketing.In this essay, I make literature critique surveys on scholarly articles, books relevant to brand community, providing a description, summary and critical evaluation of brand community. Firstly, discuss the origin and comment of brand community. Secondly, summary the research status and the dynamic natures of brand community which are antithetical from consumption community, briefly introduce three main disports of brand community. Thirdly, illustrate evolution of brand community influence. Fourthly, case study, use case of Starbucks to explain the implications of brand community. Finally, conclusion and the prospect of research.1 Demarcation of Brand community1.1 Origin of Brand communityDuring the last few years, there is a trend that academic research on consumption activities m oved away from considerations of individual to a focus on communal. The word community was used frequently. consumption community (Boorstin, 1973). Subcultures of consumption (schouten and McAlexander, 1995). Band community (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001 McAlexander et al., 2002).These communities are referred to as social collectives (Greenwood, 1994). Life-mode communities (Firat and Dholakia, 1998) andneo-tribes (Cova, 1997).Brands provide the linking value to rough individuals who takes to become member of these communities. These communities seize the idea that people have relations with new(prenominal) people and such relationships are constructed around a fulcrum acted by brands. Harley Owners group(HOG)is a good example of the brand providing such linking value(Fournier et al.,2001).There are more and more descriptive studies detailing the features of such communities Star Wars fans (Brown et al.,2003) Suns Java have-to doe with community (Williams and Cothrel,2000) and Nutella (Cova and Pace, 2005).In a word, communities are expected to provide benefits for the organisation they affect brand equity and create a stable base of loyal, vehement consumers (Muiz and OGuinn, 2001 McAlexander et al., 2001). Actually, it is not easy for a brand to establish a community.Brand-centred communities may typify themselves to open up a utopian place in the contemporary world.Kozinets (2001) historied that impossibility and dreamness together with deep motivational power and desire While utopianism enables clients to engage with reality rather than merely escape into fantasy (Geoghegan, 1987).Which means transform and subvert are the two abilities of utopian (Maclaran and Brown, 2001).Members and the relations among them compose a community. McAlexander and Koeing (2002) identify communities on the basis of identification among community members(a neighborhood, a leisure pursuit, an occupation and devotion to a brand).Brand community is a new type of community, differe nt from traditional community, can form a strong image, a lengthy history around brands.Actually,it is a community established with brand-centric1.2 Definition of Brand communityBecause brand community is a new concept, there is nounified definition in academia, but we can define it from two parts narrow and commodious meanings. Narrow meaning is represented by Muniz and OGuinn. Based on the research on approximately brands, such as Ford Bronco, etc.Muniz and 0Guinn (2001) noted a brand community is a no-geographically bound and specialized community based on a structured set of social relationships among admirers of a brand. It highlight the point connection of brand community is brand not region, and brand community has three essential markers (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001).Bagozzi (2006) noted that brand community is consumption community with common enthusiasm for a certain brand or certain good social cognition (environmental protection), the members realize collective objective or express the common emotional and commitment through common action. goodthis is as the same as Muniz and OGuinns definitionthey both emphasize the expressions of emotion and action from a certain brandMcAlexander (2002) expended this conceptthe broad meaning of brand community is a connection network with focal customer as centre, besides brand relationship, there are many separate relationships. This concept emphasizes the Consumers all-round experience of brand. Upshaw and Taylor (2001) made a broad explanation to this conceptthey documented that all the stakeholders who have relationship with the brand (including employeecustomerstockholdersupplier and strategic partnered) compose brand community.2 Basic theory and concept 2.1 Research Status Brand community is becoming an increasing popular topic in brand management research however, the short-lived time leads to its present research is preliminary, and mainly focused on the concept, features, origin, impact and modes, etc. Fo r example,Muniz and OGuinn(2001)claimed that brand community has three essential features of community intelligence of kind, rituals and traditions and moral responsibility.Schau and Muniz (2002)reported the value of brand community image is important to consumers identify centifiedSchmitt , Rogers and Vrotsos (2003)described the performance of brand community in Jeep,BMW and many other vehicle brandsHoeffler and Keller (2002)noted the improving consciousness of brand community is in privilege of enhancing brand equity based on consumers McAlexander , Kim and Roberts (2003)researched the relationship between brand community and consumers satis incidention, consumers loyalty, and claimed that consumers loyalty is not only affected by customer satisfaction, but also by brand community.Belk and Tumbat noted that it is not easy for a brand to establish a community.(Schouten and McAlexander, 1995 Kozinets,2001Muniz and Schau,2005).There are many scholars focusing on virtual community, documented the classify of community and marketing strategy (McWilliams , 2000 Monica , 2000 Wind , Mahajan and Gunther ,2003). All above research en loaded the brand community theory, but there is a serious problem research only stays on statical concept ,feature and primary implication phase.Muniz and OGuinn said the future of research is to know how brand community change in different social situation.2.2 Dynamic Natures Consumption community and brand community are different on several dimensionsfirstly,Muniz and OGuinn(2001)noted that brand community is non-geographically bounded, they may be either scattered(Boorstin,1974),or geographically concentrated (Holt,1995).Geographical concentration is the dimension of social context.To be more exact, interactions within a brand community may be rich in social context. Communication may be predominantly face to face,nediated by electronic devices(Boorstin,1974).Members may have a number of information close for each one other(gend er,age and background).There is little instinct of movement along this dimension. The temporal stability of a community can be asset to marketers in as untold as legerity equates with a long-term, stable valuable market communities can share useful consumption experiences. (Arnould and Price, 1993).2.3 Three main features 2.3.1 Consciousness of kind This feature includes two sides legitimacy and oppositional brand loyalty.Muniz and OGuinn noted that members feel an significant connection to the brand and toward each other, even they are strangers, members feel they know each other, the link is more important than the thing (Cova,1997,p307).They also can distinguish who is the real member by judging whether he is familiar with and in favor of the brand, not just because of chasing fashion to use product of the brand.Sometimes,brand community members build community to share common experience and brand connotation to fight with other brands. That means community exit become more so lidarity when facing with threats (Muiz and OGuinn, 2001).2.3.2 Shared rituals and traditions The main point of this feature is shared consumption experience. It consists of celebrating the history of the brand and sharing brand stories. The transmission of brand community is life-affirming to establish its culture. At the same time, brand history is brand communitys cultural equity. share brand stories contend a significant role in brand building and maintaining. It strengthens consciousness of kind among brand members and contributes to imagined community. It also reinforces members identity to the brand and attend members learn more about communities value. Ads play a significant role in brand community rituals and traditions. Members are concerned with ads as they display the brand to those outside of the community, and themselves (Muiz and OGuinn, 2001). 2.3.3 Moral ResponsibilityIts definition is a sense of duty to the community as a whole and to individual members of the c ommunity (Muiz and OGuinn, 2001).There are at least two traditional communal missions the first one is integrating and retaining members, there is the presence of a social moral consciousness in traditional communities, they recognize the bounds of what is appropriate and inappropriate, right and wrong. Another is assisting in the use of the brand. Assistance is to help community members, both known and unknown, revive the product or solve problems. Assisting is one of the places in which computer-mediated communication offers a great deal of information (Muiz and OGuinn, 2001).According to the primary nature of the relationship, the assistance offered between individuals sharing a communal bond is specialized (Wellman, 1990 Wellman and Wortley, 1990)3 Evolution of Brand Community model3.1 Traditional Brand community Model Boorstin punctuate the relationship between product (brand) and customer in consumption community model (figure 1).Customers look brand as the promise enterpris e made for the products shape value and image. Enhancing brand means the contract between enterprise and customer. To satisfy different needs from different target market, different brands need different brand positioning, even the same brand, with the changing of customers need, also need change brand positioning. Therefore, Boorstin took the perspective that consumption community is customer-centric, the development of brand should stick to customers need as the guide.3.2. Triangle Brand community model Muniz and OGuinn ,who are the initiator of the theory of brand community, enrich the relationship model of customer-brand, emphasized brand as intermediary (figure 2).With the development of social economy, customers are not confined to need for product (material level), they are not only concentrating on the function value of products own, more concentrating on consuming the product can give them typic significance and emotion interests.The similar experience and shared emotion among community members give them more emotion value than product function value. Brand community Triad Model break through the single dimensionality in traditional customer-brand, concentrate on the relationship among customer-customer. Weakness is that the brand will be influenced not only by customers belong to itself, but also by customers belong to other brands. For example,Many customers will interview the website and forum before purchasing products, they can prevail information about many other brand customers.3.3. Brand stakeholder relations model Upshaw and Taylor came up with a new Masterbrand Community model based on Brand community Triad Model. Their opinion is all the stakeholders with brand should include employee,customer,stockholder,supplier and strategic partnered.compose brand community(figure 3).A good brand image is the base of community, while these stakeholders play an significant role in maintaining brand image and reputation, only be kind to these stakehold ers ,can brand have attraction. It is the motivation of brand community.This model organizes many factors which can influence brand to build and maintain the harmonious relationship between them. Although this model emphasizes that many kinds of stakeholders are important to brand building, it involves too many complicated relationships which is not easy for analysis and research. Besides, this model strengthens brands core position, neglect customers acting an important role in brand building.3.4. Focal customer model Based on Muniz and OGuinns brand community theory (2001), McAlexanderSchouten and Koening (2002) put forward Focal Customer Model. This model emphasizes brand, product, customer and marketer are important factors to compose brand community, and bring four relationships into brand community customer and enterprise, customer and product, customer and brand, customer and customer. This models feature is highlighting the focal customer playing linking role in brand commu nity. Besides Munizs relationship among customers, they added product, brand and marketer. Although this structure is more comprehensive, it has drifted brand community raised by Muniz, which studied the relationship among customers.McAlexanders opinion actually is another well-nigh related topic-brand relationship. A research specialist in brand relationship field, Fourier (2001), expended the relationship between brand and customer to four relations as McAlexanders model. Based on new product diffusion theory, focal customer is playing an opinion leader during product diffusion process, they are the base of enterprise. So, when enterprices want to attract new customers, also should pay more attention to focal customers satisfaction and loyalty.3.5 conclusions The premise of research on brand community is better understanding of brand community models. From the focus of the study,Munizs and McAleXanders models focus on customer, while Upshaws model focus on brand, the difference i s that former model studied the role customer playing in brand building, the later studied all the factors can influence brand. From the range of the study, Upshaws mode is genuinely comprehensive, but too complex it is difficult to consider all types of relations in one study at the same time. That is the reason why it is rarely used.Munizs and McAlexanders models are more useful, but from the logicality of study, their models did not distinguish the importance of all types of relations, that is to say, they did not tell us which relation playing an important role in brand community. 4 Case study The success and failure of StarbucksFounded in 1971, Starbucks has the fastest growth rate of any alliance in the history of retailing. (George and Pierce, 2007)Starbucks sells mainly hot chocolate, and even were it the best coffee in the world it would still only be coffee. The question spontaneously arises, however, why is Starbucks instantly a brand to be counted among the elite o f mythical brands? What has made the consumer pay a premium price for something they would normally have paid significantly little for? The answer can be found in the fact that Starbucks marketing approach goes far beyond the tangible component of the product by infusing coffee with new symbolic set and brand community. A high quality of coffee, widespread locations and commercial partnership agreements have undoubtedly contributed to the companys growth, but these elements are not sufficient to make a brand a global myth, an authentic icon of postmodern society.An exchange from the movie Duplex illustrates the gipsy image Starbucks has acquired as a place where writers and other intellectuals are welcomed as part of a specific community. In the film, a young wife, played by Drew Barrymore, turns to her writer husband and says Well, what if you got out of the house for a little while and went to write at, like a Starbucks or something? It would be nice not to have to write at Sta rbucks with all the other novelists, replies the young man, played by Ben Stiller.It is precisely this which is the true essence of Starbucks a place which evokes symbolic values and brand community values which go beyond coffee and the products sold and which makes a sign a metropolitan legend. It is feeling part of a community like that of the writers looking for success quoted in the film, and many morebesides,which makes consumers identify with a place where, when it really comes down to it, what you mostly do is just drinking coffee.A person who habitually goes a sort of community to do so not just to drink a cup of coffee but to entranceway a sort of community where they find values, models and behaviors which they tend to recognize themselves in. While Starbucks continued to enrich its context with new meanings and values, other competitors continued to simply sell coffee (Shu-pei Tsai, 2005), Starbuckss performance demonstrates how, by enhancing the atmosphere and making th e place of consumption a space linked to trendsetters and not the minority fringe of the population, by creating a sense of belonging and community, it is possible to achieve success even when satisfying routine needs.As Volli says, Starbucks is together closed and secret but also open and public, it shows and hides at the same time, it simultaneously exercises modesty and seduction, the secret and the recall(Volli,1998).Starbucks has known how to invest a new way of communication ,strongly centered on the communicative processes among members of its brand community and between its members and the outside world.There is no perfect in the world,with the development of society,economy and many other aspects,Starbucks also should face with some shortage and challenge.The greater standardization of the structures has slowly made them lose the bohemian charm which the first points of sale had, and that aroma of coffee which represented the heart of the brand community offering in Starbuc ks has progressively weakened. The sensory connotation which immediately hits you when you enter a Starbucks and which creates around it a relaxing atmosphere similar to that snarl in a club of people who share the passion for coffee, is gradually getting weaker.But the problem is not limited to reduced olfactory involvement, if anything it involves the fact that the chain is losing its soul of the past, becoming more and more like a conventional chain and losing that atmosphere which was so dear to its founder of a grim neighborhood ship, whose emotive warmth can generate particularly intense experiences. We could say that this is one of the risks which companies which have been able to build real communities around their brands find them having to face. When the brand becomes as developed as Starbucks, its audience widens and new consumers, with characters different from those of the communitys original members, take possession, thus reducing the initial pursuit feeling of belo nging.Infact, belonging to a community satisfies the desire of individuals to share common aspects with other individuals and in that way express their distinctiveness from other social groups. When those very people they are trying to distinguish themselves from try to become part of the community, it is necessary to know how to manage this process by trying to preserve the symbolic consistency of the brand rather than adapting it to the new context. This is a natural process the company does not live so as to remain in the ghetto of the nook it is in development a growth that we find the preservation of its vital functions, but the process must be handled with extreme care, avoiding compromising the good and the extraordinary that has been built.

Apollo 13 Movie Physics

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to fly in musculus quadriceps femoris or work on the crew at NASA that helps the astronauts get home safely? These two jobs both use many of the fairnesss of physics. In fact, almost everything they do involves physics. Apollo 13 is a moving-picture show that epitomizes what those jobs are like and how much physics is required. The three main integritys of physics in the movie were norths constabulary of Universal Gravitation, Newtons First honestice, and Newtons Third Law. One main law in Apollo 13 was Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation, defined as F=Gm1m2r2, where G=6. 7? 10-11. The first main paroxysm in which this law was needed was when NASA decided that it would be high hat for the crew to take a free-return flying back to Earth. Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation was needed to figure out the net take up and its direction on the Apollo 13 ballistic capsule as it followed its path. NASA made sure that Apollo 13 would m ake it back to Earth and not be lost in space. Another scene in which Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation was needed was when the Apollo 13 crew needed to execute a burn.This law helped them calculate the draw offs acting on them by other planetary objects, and therefore how much force their burn needed to apply. By simply adding together force vectors NASA could predict the exact location at any time of the Apollo 13 spacecraft. The third scene in which this law was required was when Jim Lovell stated that they just sic Sir Isaac Newton in the drivers seat after NASA had ordered them to power down both the LEM and the Command Module.What Jim Lovell was stating was that since now they couldnt do anything to control the ship the only thing guiding them to Earth were Newtons laws, especially Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation. If Newtons laws were to fail then the Apollo 13 crew would have had no chance of getting home. To sum it up, three scenes in Apollo 13 that used or showed Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation were when Jim Lovell said that they just put Sir Isaac Newton in the drivers seat, NASA decided that a free-return trajectory was the best way to bring the Apollo 13 crew back home, and when Apollo 13 needed to execute a burn to adjust its course.Another prevalent physics law in Apollo 13 was Newtons First Law, which states that a body will persist in its state of rest or of identical intercommunicate unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force. In most scenes of Apollo 13 that show the spacecraft in space this law was visually demonstrated. The Apollo 13 spacecraft was ever so in uniform motion unless it was acted on by another external unbalanced force. The most significant force in space that would act on the spacecraft was that of gravity.Gravity from other large masses, such as the Earth, Moon, and Sun, acted as the external unbalanced force which changed the spacecrafts speed and direction. If all the gravity in space were to suddenly disappear and the net force on the spacecraft were to be zero then the Apollo 13 ship would simply adhere to its uniform motion tangent to its original path. Another group of scenes in which Newtons First was displayed was when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft while in space.It is quite easy to tell from watching how the astronauts moved around in 0g that they were exhibiting Newtons First Law. If an astronaut in the movie apply a force in one direction to move in the other that astronaut would then move at a constant velocity (in telling to the ship) as soon as that force was removed. On the contrary, if no force were applied, the astronaut would remain at rest in relation to the ship. Overall, Newtons First Law was shown in Apollo 13 when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft and when the spacecraft traveled through space.The third law that was very grievous in Apollo 13 was Newtons Third Law which states to every action there is an stir and opposite reaction. The first main scene in which Newtons Third Law was demonstrated was when the Apollo 13 crew had to execute a burn. By firing the main engine, they released gas particles into space, therefore applying an equal and opposite force on the ship. The burn was used to break free of the Earths gravity and to adjust the spacecrafts trajectory reasonably in order to make it home.Another main scene in which Newtons Third Law was displayed was when the astronauts were in space, and they needed to move around in their spacecraft. In order to move, the astronauts had to apply a force in one direction in order to have a reaction force applied on them in the opposite direction. In 0g the astronauts could use their hands to push on other surfaces and move them in the opposite direction. The third main scene in which Newtons Third Law was demonstrated was when the Apollo 13 spacecraft ejected menial amounts of gases to adjust the trajectory of the ship by fine amounts.By ejecti ng small amounts of gases the ship was exerting a force in one direction and receiving an equal force in an opposite direction, and therefore changing its path. By releasing just the right amount of gases the spacecraft could change its trajectory to make it home safely. Looking at the whole, Newtons Third Law was exhibited by the spacecraft when it ejected gas particles into space, when it executed a burn, and when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft. Many laws of physics were used in the movie Apollo 13.These laws helped to enforce the realistic feeling that this movie gave to its viewers. Not only were Newtons Laws included but others were also used in smaller quantities, including Keplers laws and kinematic equations. Ultimately, the three commonly used laws in Apollo 13 were Newtons First Law, Newtons Third Law, and Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation.

The Level of Effectiveness of Crisis Management Team in Dealing

I. INTRODUCTION The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal viridity hostage-taking incident, occurred when a dismissed Philippine National Police officer took over a tourist manager in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. Disgruntled former senior inspector Rolando Mendoza of the Manila Police order (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20 tourists and a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in an attempt to get his job back.He said that he had been summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he valued was a fair hearing and the opportunity to defend himself. Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten dollar bill hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested Mendozas brother and thus incited him to open fire. As the shooting began, the bus driver managed to escape, and was shown on idiot box saying Everyone is dead before being whisked away by policemen. Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and a number of ot hers injured.The MPDs failed return attempt and gun-battle with the hijacker, which took around 90 minutes, were watched by millions on live television and the internet. The Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate investigations into the incident. twain inquiries judged that the victims had been unlawfully killed, and identified the Philippine officials poor handling of the incident as the cause of the eight hostages deaths. The labialise mounted by the MPD, and the resulting shoot-out, have been widely criticized by pundits as bungled and incompetent, and the Hong Kong Government has

Development Finance

Financial culture is the basis of e very kingdom ontogeny when ever we spill the beans just more or less the ontogeny countries of the humanity. Every em bole must say their monetary strength is one of the factors for their little(prenominal)en schooling with out monetary heath of the beingnessly concern. It is unable for whatsoever organization activity to throw up for state of ward the reading plans which aft(prenominal) words brings good results in the monetary heath of the awkward.There ar so legion(predicate) countries in the world to talk here Africa is one of them where the fiscal position is very secondary overly several(prenominal) opposite countries handle Sudan, Somalia, and umpteen to a greater extent who atomic number 18 just at the disciplineing countries list. One of the main matters in increasing the financial evolution of any boorish is the economic amplification by dint of globalisation of capital and the cross border tr ade. Trading with such(prenominal) countries and provision of remote financial c atomic number 18 to such countries which argon subaltern in financial position in the view of USA governance is the basis for their out emersion thats why directly more work done for increasing the financial heath of the first growing countries.In the year 1980s and 1990s, it was noned that due to about lawsuits the financial exploitation in legion(predicate) countries remains economic crisis because of the financial markets crisis. These crises were due to the changes in enthronizations and due to the government crisis in those countries and the lack of multi discipline standard financial cedeations hat argon capable of attracting more investment opportunities from the foreign investors. For increasing the growth of frugality, foreign investment in the unsophisticated plays a major(ip) office.Due to the amplification of foreign investment the export position increases or in ramify words low financial position is due to the low canting and financial standards in the democracy. Going to talk about the financial wellness of Africa as an example as every body knows the financial reading of Africa is very low as comp be to the actual countries of the world, unless when now the developed countries atomic number 18 acting a good division to develop such countries as Africa to put precedent the knowledge plans they dumbfound provided foreign charge to such countries in order to full phase of the moon fill the development plans and open the routes of trade.Third military personnel Countries, Why they atomic number 18 in List of tierce virtually World?Third world countries as the name says are those countries which are low in economic growth and the less developed countries of the world during the French revolution. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy named these countries as the third estate because these countries are in the list of those c ountries which are non of high technologies and less industrialized, like the other countries of the world. The reason arse is such lack of financial growth is the lack of funds.The concept of the Third World developed after the Bandung Conference of Colored volume in 1955 a conference greatly influenced by Communist china and after it began feuding with Russia (The Sino-Soviety Split). Its main appraisal was that a third power bloc had to be created that would be unequivocal from the capitalist, industrial world (First World) and the Communist, Industrial world (Second World). The French Economist Alfred Sauvy popularized the term Third World to meet to these countries. Third World was also used in the West to refer to countries receiving foreign back up.The third world countries are low developed countries in the world because of There low gross national product, Poverty reasons, In terms of human development, In terms of press freedom, The lack of financial institutions, Industrialization, Technology, deficiency of foreign investments.List of third world countries includes many countries in which bulky-mouthed number of countries belongs to the continent Africa Malawi due east Africa Somalia eastern hemisphereern Africa Congo Middle Africa Liberia Western Africa Nigeria Western Africa Ethiopia Eastern Africa Zambia Eastern Africa Afghanistan Central Asia Eritrea Eastern AfricaBecause of the low financial development issue basically regarding to the countries of Africa, which are east westward and in middle Africa so it is of the essence(p) to talk about the rural area in Africa.Somalia Country in Eastern AfricaSomalia which is situated in the east part of Africa a goneoral which is not to be own by the basis of government as which is in the other developed countries of the world. The awkwards borders are also to those which are also include in the less developed countries of the world, the development related to the financial growth of the sylvan is so low as it has been seen that thither were bid existed for many age in the country which didnt brought any government and act upon the country low in every financial step.Because of no government and management powers the country has not the idea of trade finance government rules institutions for investments and so on. The country has been the living place for many ethnic group in departed still the large number of nation n the country were not belong to Somalia French British and Italians were also came to Somalia in the 19th century.However it is to say that the 1880s issue for Somalia was befooln as the good period for development. After the entrance of Italians and British state thither the claims on the land started in this regard first claim was given by the British as the British Somalia land in 1886. After words the other part of the land in southern field of view claimed by the Italians as the Italian Somalia land after the second world war the British Somalia land become in low-level and again the proclamation was given in the 26th June 1960. After words there were many claims on the countrys land had been taken place which from the very starting put Somalias development at the back.After the whole fighting about different claims by many countries on Somalia and the inner(a) war a regional government was make there this was not in strong financial correspond an earth quake, which arose in the Indian Ocean and followed Somalia too. This was the natural disaster of 2004 and due to tsunami large numbers of people namely 300 were killed and many of the villages were destroyed. In the year 2006 the civil war begins in Somalia, which has stopped the large number of development in the country.Somalia became the victim of earth quakes and different unhealthinesss like aids and hunger in times of civil war and child mortality are the reasons which left the country too faraway away from the developed countries of the world. B ecause of these so many reasons the financial wellness of the country is still not in the position to define nevertheless the developed countries of the world are playing great place in increasing the financial development in the country, plainly the think lacking is the natural aid also they hit lack of so many visions to develop the country.Financial ontogeny in SomaliaDue to war and hunger puzzles it is seriously for any one to note down the financial growth o f the preservation in 2005 the GDP growth was 2.4% in Somalia which was estimated by CIA. Main exports items belong to live stocks, which are bananas sugar corn whisky fish and sorghum and the small manufacture of Somalia found on the agricultural products.Private Sector Development in SomaliaThe toffee-nosed sphere of influence development in Somalia is so hard to explain it was so worse in past but now it is to say that it is fareting developed day by day. The cloak-and-dagger orbit development includes b usiness policies, the financial firmament policies and institutional policies, but the thing which is required is the skilled people who are able to put forward such development policies and convert them in the basic development of the country. The basic idea of private area is to develop the family of the country with other countries of the world. It includesl The relationship development good relations with the neighbor countries in order to increase the export import conditions.l Attracting the foreign investors to make investments in huge amounts to the country which will ultimately results in the development of the countryl The association beed which is the Somali assembleation services association the private sphere of influence includes the responsibilities to increase the development of this association in order to increase the business issues and development of business plans with the other business companies out side the country also.Development of Banking Sectorl Th e private sector is working to form a firm which is capable of doing the work of rudimentary bank development the development of central banking in the country policies of the bank guidelines the rules and regulations of the bank the provision of funds and bills for the allocation o small businesses there advancement and the increase of organizational structure of central bank dealing with the line of works of financial and accounting get winds the private sector is monitor the role of central bank by the found firm.l Because of fisheries livestocks are the basic items of export so the private sector is getting developed to increase the development of these sectors in order to make bounce in exports and the financial health of the country.l The private sector is now developing such institutions downst walkovers the government provision of funds for the training of students in the management business finance accounting scientific official works administration works engineering works and medical too. This includes the development of women too, including the women trainees in order to enhance the development of the country every body should play a role otherwise the development would not be with high sense so the development of women in the country is also necessary for the development of the country.l The private sector is working for the development of the central bank of Somalia and the financial sector too. Training and orientation computer programs for the workers through which increase and encourage the idea of increasing the financial growth of the small and large business which in forthcoming results in the development of scrimping an financial development of the country.So it is to say that the private sector development is breathing out on in the country but not with high sense because of lack of capital and other resources the country is developing low but it is expected that the private sector will be strong in future to perform more and w ith child(p) operations.Somali Institutional and Capacity Development ProjectThis is the project which is based on the institutional development of Somalia. The lack of institutional and organizational development leads the country with low growth of the financial sector the association is formed for facing the challenges of low institutional developments to raise funds for such institution and increase the organizational structure in the country. The project is made to develop the Somalis human resource management program for this reason the project is made to develop the management training programs for the increase of human development and the increase of administration skills in the human.In 2006 this project SICAD has achieved many remainders related to the institutional development, which were the primary objectives, and the help of this project achieved these in a very smaller period. The increase and advancement of universal private relationship this project team is workin g with the university of Hargesia the project is also working as the team which is capable of evaluating the skills among human beings and the motivational government health programs in order to make public aware of every disease its danger for health and the cure this working is based on the control of human immunodeficiency virus AIDS in Africa.The PRSL architectural plan has a two-pronged approach to working towards the reduction of poverty more upstream, at advocacy for MDGs and poverty analysis/monitoring and, more downstream, at community driven recovery. Human Rights, Peace-Building, Gender, HIV/AIDS are addressed as cross-cutting issues. (Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods(PRSL))African Development InstituteThe African development bank is performing the function as an comprise to enhance the training program among the general public the capacity development which includes the development of organization institution the society development in order to increase the role of general public in the devising of financial condition better for this reason the bank is performing the function of there is agreement that macroeconomic stability is critical for the growth of financial sector services. Countries should adopt appropriate macroeconomic policies, encourage controversy indoors the financial sector, and develop a strong and transparent institutional and legal framework for financial sector activities. In particular, there is a need for prudential regulations and supervision, strong creditor rights, and contract enforcement. (Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africa)It is to say that the financial sector development is responsible for the development of providence as a whole those changes which are not in the control of any one only the financial sectors brings such changes for the better health of the economy with out such developments it is hard to say that the economy is developed and if the economy is chthoniandeve loped it means the country financial sector is underdeveloped it is not so strong to perform the functions as the financial sector of developed countries of the world. This development for African countries is also very essential like in Somalia because of so many crisis the countrys economy development rate is so low as compared to the other countries of the world.Banking Sector Development in SomaliaAs the position of economy in the past years was so worse so one cannot easily judge the banking sector development in Somalia it require the full dousing on the history of the performance of Somalia national bank which performed the functions of mercenary banking system in the past. After the mergers and financial development the Somalia banking sector divided in to two major categories named Somali commercial banks and the Somali savings and credit banks. After this division the Somali national bank controlled its workings to the functions of central bank only.In the view of inte rnationalistic monetary funds, these are the basic things fore the financial sector growth and development. Monetary sector Regulation of policies Non-banking financial sector policies Development of institutions GDP and GNP measurement tools.What of the role of the international institutions? Here again, views varied from those who urged the World Bank Group to stay out of Somalia to those who were desperate for aid agencies to come in. Some believed that Somalia needed concessional loans, others that Somalia should never take out a loan againThe lack of private sector development in Somalia is due to the lack of security and law enforcement agencies. There the fights and political instabilities brings so many problems for the banking sector to develop also as the banking sector of every country requires the full concentration on the development of institutions and public awareness programs, but Somalia is lacking in such capabilities the parties conflicts and other conflicts makes the banking sector so weak as the foreign investment is unpleasant in this sector.The financial institution today requires the large number of financial security from the government and the security for foreign investments. These are lacking in Somalia so no body compulsions to invest there whose currency rates are low and the economy is less developed. In the view of many peoples the government should work to encourage the development of those sectors, which are associated to public also.How to Improve Development Strategies?The thing which wants a complete discussion here is not that how Somalia developed how it survives within the developed countries but the thing is this which one is lacking which thing is important for the development of the country and which is not, which sector of the country needs high development and which sector wants low. The answer to all these questions are in the give of policy makers in the hands of developed countries of the world, like what has t o be done by the fall in nations for the performance of development in Somalia?Somalia is no longer included in the annual fall in Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report world ranking. If it were to be included, according to a special report on Somalia, it would sit firmly at the bottom in 175th position, below war-afflicted Sierra Leone Peace and security, The stoppages of beef up forces to take part in Somalia affairs, The capacity enhancement, Development of public sector, Need of foreign aid to develop Somalia training institutions, Food care and other aid programs from international community, The development of live stock sector, illegitimate activities control.These were some of the main things, which need full concentration from the international world to look at. These issues required the attendance of developed countries of the world in order to develop Somalia. for any countrys private sector development it is necessary to bring the public sect or development for the advancement of economy if one or more then one sector is lacking in development the countrys economy remains at lower position and the countrys financial sector also not developed.Socio Economic Development of SomaliaUnited Nations development program to cover the economic policy to develop the economy in this context in the year 2002 World Bank and UNDPS combines efforts brings the socio economic survey which is taken from each house hold living in the country. This data which is on the socio economic development of the country is based on the analysis of most of the economy gaps and the need of resources through of the country. The view of reservation such efforts were to brought forward the financial and investment institution for the socio economic development and the improvement of employment housing and demographic factors.It includes the things like the participation of womens in the development of the economy and the role of institutions to increase t he training and attracter of foreign investors towards this less developed economy. World Bank monitors whole of the function of collection of data regarding the economy of the country this report brings large number of those things, which are not to be brought up with the help of any other association.The Socio-Economic Survey 2002 is the first in a series of joint World Bank / UNDP statistical reports. The data collection and statistical capacity building will be further strengthened under the joint World Bank / UNDP re engagement strategy for Somalia, with the collaboration of other development partners.These efforts put forward the efforts of women to the Somalia economy that is their participation in different public and private institutions like many women take part in police forces. The United Nations development program was based on the Somalia economy but also on the development of general public there and their participation in every financial and non-financial sector of the economy.Somali Financial Services AssociationThe Somali financial services association was formed in celestial latitude 2003 in London. This conference was held for evaluating the problems regarding every sector of Somalia economy the conference was attended by the developed countries leadership who then launched the Somalia financial association. The conference discussed the micro and macro faces of the economy. This association worked to support the industrial development in the economy and the needs of destinyup anywhere in the economy and worked as a team in foreign countries to bring forward the industrialization and investment of the economy. This association also serves as the regulatory body in the absence of government in Somalia.Foreign Aid and SomaliaDue to the loss of large development programs in the past whose main reasons were the failure of development due to the internal fighting in the country that made Somalia the less developed country. In the day of 1970s to 1990s Somalia had passed up the years of hunger which was up to that finale that no body could think of living in Somalia the problem of hunger aroused in the economy.Due to internal crisis and these crises were spread up to that limit in which many childrens and womens were killed due to the lack of pabulum support, many disease broke up in the country aids HIV hyper Titus, the people were not had such programs then or the resources to protect themselves from these problems. After that worse condition out side world provides the financial assistance in the form of foreign aid to this country, this foreign aid was given by the developed countries of the world aim was to protect the life of people there. full-grown amount of foreign aid provided by the United Nations and the other developed economy, this foreign aid after the large efforts covered the regimen problem in Somalia but not that loss of lives and loss to the economy which occurred in those worse days. For this reas on many foreign aid offices were established in African countries in Somalia Ethiopia and many other small countries the map of reservation such foreign aid offices were the provision of forage and shelter for the people of Somalia.These are playing the role of emergency relief camps. in this role there are so many countries of the world who plays a very great role in the remotion of hunger from Somalia these countries includes united kingdom united stats of America Pakistan Russia Germany and so many other countries of the world provided food and forces as the way of supply of food assistance. The German humanitarian agency called diakonie played an important role in the provision of aid to Somalia people they provided the aid of 100,000 Euro in order to get rid of food problem in Somalia. The United Nations refugees agency provided the 750,000 Euro to Somalia.Somalia Aid Coordination BodyIt is the Somalia aid coordination body that is formed by the United Nations agencies indiv iduals who provided funds for the development and removal of hunger from Somalia and NGOs. In these donors the United Nations organization is one of the main donors of funds in order to get peace in Somalia. The funds were provided and still providing to Somalia for the rural development the development of country trade that is the country truly based on the live stocks and the agricultural products thats why the United Nations efforts were comprises of the advancement of such programs through the supply of funds, which make the financial problem limited.After the several efforts made by different big countries of the world there were too much protection to the public was given and the problem of food was outback(a) through the help of developed countries of the world. One of the major thing which is important for any countrys development is the investment so the united nations agencies work to provide the financial assistance in the form of increase in investment policies also. Eu ropean northward played a very important role in making the financial position of Somalia and efforts to form the structure of the country like the other developing countries one the example of their effort is the city Berbera.In the year 2007 the European Union has given 4 billion aids to Somalia for the removal of hunger and development programs. Also they have provided funds for the Ethiopia and Kenya, which are situated skilful the Somalia. Thus the aid was given to African countries by the European Union to improve their financial health.However as the financial growth of the country always gets better with the role of public in the country and the role of government Somalia was the country which didnt had the proper governmental system in the past thats why the country is still lacking in many things as the developed countries of the world there are no such developments in Somalia are made because of the lack of funds even if the European countries and other donor countries have provided a lot but the thing is countrys internal resource lacking which is due to the lack in industrialization and technology with these the training and education programs among public.Beside these foreign aid providence one more thing which was done by the anti parties in Somalia was the kidnapped of many soldiers from different countries of the world who were providing the assistance to public because of these problems many countries bring back their soldiers from Somalia and their large number of soldiers were also found dead because of this behavior many countries aid stopped in Somalia however now the crisis have been controlled by the European agencies and the forces from other donor countries of the world.This is horrible news. We are so sad for the aid workers who are lot our people. We will do everything realizable, even if it means using force, to release the hostages, Punt lands home(a) and security minister Mohamed Abdi told reporters.Concerns PolicyThe polic y was made to resolve the issue of food and shelter among the public. this was the policy which made the emergency workings to get funds from the donor countries for the development programs which includes the provision of education health HIV and aids control livestocks development food crisis in Nigeria dealing with the victims of south east Asia earth quakes tsunami this is the policy through which the evaluation and allocation of needs are located and the supply of assistance given to those sides in Africa.The policy explains the poverty effects on the economy and how it can be remote through making different development programs, which brings forward the financial development of the economy. The foreign aid to Somalia was provided from sixties by the United Nations and still it is working. United Nations provided largest aid to Somalia but some of the Somalis think that the European Union countries have provided large number of aid to Ethiopia but not to Somalia.Aid Programs for SomalisThis aid program includes various policies and the organization of various agencies for the provision of food to Somalis the international agencies played great role in the provision of aid to Somalis. Somalia is the country which is without the government. The country has no central government system thats why it is still in the position which it is in the past it is the country of crisis hunger diseases but why it is in this form? Large countries of the world have made so many efforts to reduce the countrys conflicts but they are failed even the people dont believe on one other the main reason is hunger they are facing lack of resources made them to fight for their survival.The government in Somalia after the composition was not so happy about the United Nations aid to Somalis. They think that they are not going to help Somalis and they are against Somalis. They want to indulge in the countrys affairs they think that large aids are given to the other countries and Soma lia is still in the similar condition as it is in the past.According to the view of Somalia prime minister he said that the United Nations and other European countries have illogical their powers over Somalia during the last 15 years of its civil war. Most of the Somalis think that the governments of other countries are providing them the aid in their own interest they are interested in taking part in Somalias government and other affairs. Large number of aid controlled by the government agencies in Somalia and the us ambassador reported that the aid had been taken in to control by the government agencies and they wanted to stop the air ways through which the aid is supplied to the public.Financial Development and Foreign AidAfter so many crises there are some of the objectives which have been taken in to control by the European Union countrys regarding the Somalia development. However, the food crisis removal programs have taken many donations from the developed countries of the world that has broken the other financial development chain of the country. This breakage is due to their internal crisis, the changes in economy has been done but they are in very small amount as still the fight is not under control.The peoples are distributed among many parties and those parties are not in support of the other countries of Africa like Ethiopia Nigeria Kenya .the financial development program in Somalia needs the assistance from the European wedding but due to their internal crisis now the European union countries are also not playing that role which they have played in the past, as the financial development needs the making of the financial institution and increase of investment opportunities but this is not possible with out the removal of internal crisis in the country because development always needs unity of ideas about growth of the economy.Problems Regarding Financial DevelopmentThe financial development in Somalia needs too many funds and donations from th e outside(a) countries. The developed countries of the world have made efforts to cover the problem but it still exists. Every countrys financial development needs some capital to grow up tin that less developed country like Somalia. There is the lack of industrialization and the new technology too so the development of any sector can easily take much of the time and donations to develop however there is lack of basic needs too.These are those problems for which no one can go forward with out the resultant of them. These problems are associated with the public and government institution the lack of necessities of life how can any country fulfill the need of the public there is only one thing possible the solution of the problem of public issues or the solution of the problem of government issues everythings cannot be developed by any one at the same time because for any country the financial development needs.Peace and Prosperity, Security, presidency StabilityThe countrys develo pment must go forward with such things if these are not present in the economy. It means the development of the economy remains low and the economy remains in the same position as it was in the past development of countries should bring g by the people of country with the cooperation of government with the provision of ways to develop, but unfortunately the less developed countries specially in Africa are the poor countries there people are not in the position to fulfill the desires as they want they live from hand to mouth.Trade FacilitiesExport and import are the main part of every economy like the other developed countries of the world, which have much export and import in order to go forward. The countries are dependent on their own resources and the developed countries have made so many products from those resources. First thing is this like Somalia and many other poor countries they dont have such facilities like the foreign investment in the country. The dependency on interna l resources as the Somalia export dependent on their agricultural products but they are lacking the skilled force to compete the entire world education is one more problem which is the biggest hurdle in the way of development. To every countrys development knowledge and skills are necessary for development these skills are evaluated from the countrys people.Social Problems in SomaliaSomalia is the country which has faced many problems in the past. They dont have much capital to develop any sector of the economy they are lacking of work force skills and new technology why they dont have such facilities? Answer is the lack of social security and social development country always develop through society development but these things are not present in the less developed countries the societies are not developed in that sense as the highly developed countries people are.The people of Somalia are as backward as compare to the developed countries of the world and they dont have becoming m oney to full fill their desires because for m ant y years they lived in hunger and fight they do not know to survive in the open world. They have such problems like health education and security for these reasons they have been suffered from the problems of diseases like HIV and Aids after that the European Union have provided them much donations to cut off these problems.Economic Growth of CountryThis is the essential part, which is placed after the development of society and the development of minds of the people increase in their skills knowledge about different subjects and devotion to work this development of the country needs the development ofPrivate sector, The banking sector development, Infrastructure of the country, Transport, Industries, Investment opportunities, Credit institutions, Law enforcement, Social programs, agate line opportunities. Development Projects in SomaliaAfter the problems from many years now with the help of European countries Somalia is capable of m aking some projects and government is doing some efforts to fulfill these projects these includesDevelopment of FarmsFor this reason a project is made by the Somalia government with the help of foreign governments. The development of farming in the country as the whole export lies on the agricultural products of the country.Education ProjectFor improving the social health of the countrys people government is now making the project, which is based on the education of public this project t is suggested for Togdheer region of the country.Put Land ProjectBeside the problems of education health is also the other issue of Somalia people so the efforts have been done to remove such problem for this reason government has made the Put Land project which includes the development of infrastructure and the solution of health issues like the provision of clean water to the people and sanitary conditions to protect them from diseases.Business Sector DevelopmentIn the north west of Somalia a proje ct has been made to fulfill the business sector demands like the development of small industry in the country and the development of banking sector too.Health ProjectsAs the Somalia people have been suffered from various diseases in the past, which were the killer disease so efforts have been made in order to solve the health solution of the public. This project is based on the development of health of peoples there a project has been launched for Togdheer and Awdal.Contribution OF W.H.OThe world health organization is making much effort to compete the health issues in the country. It includes the development of people by providing them the awareness about different diseases and their symptoms cure and other related issues. The European Union countries in the past years have made so many efforts in order to reduce the health problems from the country and they are self-made to some extent. Now the programs have been introduced for the polio HIV and aids awareness among people.Civil war, external intervention, clique conflict and poverty have combined to turn Somalia into a failed state. Somalia has no central government. Three champion factions (none of which is recognized by the United States as Somalias legitimate government) hold sway in separate parts of the country. In addition, numerous warlords continue to vie for dominance at the local level. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis live as refugees in neighboring countries, and many others are internally displaced. The economy is underdeveloped, with drought seriously affecting the countrys pastoral and agricultural base. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)United States Policy toward SomaliaThe United States have played a great role in the removal of many major problems from the Somalia country but still there are some major issues exist there. These made United States to set some priorities and goals to cover the major problems regarding financial development there. Now Uni ted Sates have made three goals to develop Somalia which are as underRemoval of Terrorism in SomaliaMain reason for the economic bashfulness is the terrorism there for these reasons no foreign investments have been made there now the united states are making efforts through the help of forces of different develop countries to promote the development by removing the terrorism there by which the countrys private sector should be develop.Government StabilityThe formation of government is main thing for every country development as Somalia has been faced the problem of no central government in the past now the United States and other European states are making the plan to fulfill the goal of government stability and peace in Somalia.Challenge to Face Internal CrisisThe United States plans include a major goal that is to face the internal fights and crisis of the country and develop the country from high sense to make control over and such internal crisis which are the hurdles in the wa y of economic development of the country.ConclusionThus from the past this is the country which have faced so many crisis and is still facing but these crisis put the Somalia public lecture in front of the developed countries of the world who have made a tremendous role for screening the problems there. However, still so many problems exist there but no one can make any thing better if the people living there are not be the support from the donor country. However the United Nations and other agencies from developed countries of the world have provided their forces and much foreign aid to develop the country.There are so many plans and projects made for the development but these all are under construction, not fill up. However it is to say that these plans will be fulfill too nearer in the future but the main problem which is present in the way of development is the misunderstandings among the general public government and the donor countries, for many years Somalia has faced too m uch problem of hunger so they are not in a position to develop their country with out developing them selves. death chair Feingold who is the member of US peace committee saidSomalia did not become a failed state in a day. Similarly, solving the governance problems that make Somalia an attractive potential home for terrorists will not obtain overnight. We have made a start. I am cautiously optimistic that the United States, Somalias neighbors and the international community can make a significant contribution to helping the Somali people be cured _or_ healed functional government, and that the conditions that make Somalia attractive to terrorists can be overcome. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)Works CitedArabDataNet.com Country Guide Somalia Snapshothttp//www.arabdatanet.com/country/profiles/profile.asp?CtryName=Somalia&CtryAbrv=so&NavTitle=Foreign%20Investment Accessed, May 12, 2007Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africahttp //www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/creane/index.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods (PRSL)http//www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=668 Accessed, May 12, 2007Somali Institutional Developmenthttp//www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=662 Accessed, May 12, 2007SSRN-Banking Development in Somalia by Arnaldo Maurihttp//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958442 Accessed, May 12, 2007Situation Reports Somalia, UNDP Somalia Quarterly Update Apr 2004http//www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a5444022715893a785256e7e006d3720 Accessed, May 12, 2007Weak States and Terrorism in Africa U.S. Policy Options in Somaliahttp//www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/7872.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007World Hunger NotesThe Road to Hell The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid transnational Charity by Michael Marenhttp//www.worldhunger.org/articles/books/maren.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007